Digitized Medicine

Health Information Exchanges and Physicians Share Accountability for Safe Patient Care

The $800 billion 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) set aside $36 billion toward health information technology (health IT) initiatives, including over $500 million for the State HIE Cooperative Program.  This federal program provides funds to each state for the successful planning and development of infrastructure that supports the exchange of electronic health data between physician electronic health records (EHRs), hospital EHRs, lab systems, radiology centers and other clinical IT systems.    For example, in Texas we are using these funds to support the development of local health information exchange entities, called HIEs, across the state and to concurrently develop the policies, standards and infrastructure needed to safely/securely connect these HIEs to each other.     The statewide HIE network will also be built to be compatible with national standards and efforts.      

Each state's effort to develop a network of community HIEs and/or a statewide HIE will be more successful with physicians involved upfront with governance and policy development.   When working with local HIEs most physicians will generally understand and appreciate the importance of protecting the privacy and security of electronic patient health information.  Their inherent knowledge on this issue will help guide policies in the right direction.   A more complex issue for physicians to understand is the relationship between HIEs and patient care.   A heightened awareness of this issue will allow physicians to properly inform HIE policymakers about the need to establish an environment where local HIEs, HIE networks and physicians share accountability for safe patient care.   

To deepen physician's understanding of this issue I encourage them and others to think about an HIE as a tool physicians use as a part of patient care, similar to a surgical tool.   If a patient is harmed by a surgical tool that broke because the physician used it incorrectly, the physician is negligent.  If the physician used the tool correctly but it still broke, but it has only broken 8 times in over 10,000 surgeries and the patient consent explains this remote risk of breakage, then no one is negligent.  However, if it broke and the issue had been reported to the vendor by many physicians on a repetitive basis, but the vendor failed to investigate the issue and fix the problem, or failed to inform physicians and patients of the increased risk in the meantime, then the vendor is negligent. 

This perpsective will help physicians advocate for policies that lead to an environment where HIEs and physicians share accountability for safe patient care.   Effective policies will lead to contracts and agreements which acknowledge that:

1. HIEs and HIE infrastructure are tools used by physicians during the course of patient care
2. HIEs are responsible for informing patients and doctors about the inherent risks of  the electronic health information exchange including changes in risks when issues are identified
3. HIEs have a responsibility to continually monitor for and mitigate risks associated with their services that may impact quality of care provided by physicians

 

Texas Medical Association video provides in-depth look at meaningful use, how RECs can help physicians

This video does a good job of describing Meaningful Use, the electronic health record (EHR) incentive program and how the four regional extension centers (RECs) in Texas leverage federal grants to subsidize services for physicians that help them select/implement or upgrade an EHR, and then use their EHR to improve quality of care and meet the Meaningful Use requirements.  

The four RECs in Texas currently charge primary care physicians only $300 for consulting services valued at $5,000.  These services include:

o    Select and implement a certified EHR (or upgrade your current EHR to a certified version)

o    Optimize your practice workflow,

o    Achieve meaningful use,

o    Qualify for EHR incentives, and

o    Obtain CME credit hours      

 

Community HIE decisions are best made in collaboration with local physicians who use EHRs

Physicians who use electronic health records (EHRs) in their offices are increasingly being called upon in their communities to participate in the development of local health information exchanges (HIEs).    During the early stages of HIE planning there are important decisions that are best made in collaboration with local physicians.   As with any health information technology usage, the anticipated benefits of exchanging electronic health data must be balanced against the inherent risks of the technology.   Physicians who use EHRs already have valuable experience with some of the inherent risks associated with electronic health data usage, but may not have experience with the clinical risks associated with the exchange of electronic health data.    The following case scenarios are intended to raise awareness and understanding of key patient safety risks associated with the clinical use of electronic personal health information (PHI) that could be obtained through a community-wide HIE.  

Conflicting data scenario:  A nurse records a penicillin allergy in the hospital EHR when a patient experiences GI symptoms after receiving a penicillin injection.   The next day, the patient is seen by her primary care physician (PCP).   After reviewing the history, the PCP is convinced that the reported symptoms were unrelated to the penicillin injection.   She records “No Known Allergies” in her office EHR.   The local HIE retrieves “allergies” from both EHRs and displays this patient’s allergies as both “no known allergies” and “penicillin.”  

In such cases, the physician will have to reconcile the data by considering the sources, dates, and times of each and decide whether additional investigation is necessary.   

Segmented data scenario (this applies only if the HIE will allow patients to exclude some or all of their data as a part of the consent process):   For privacy reasons an HIV patient decides to exclude his diagnoses from the HIE which results in a problem list so that it does not disclose his HIV status.   He also excludes data from two sources: his psychiatrist and a psychiatric hospital.   This patient had suffered an episode of neuroleptic malignant syndrome secondary to an antipsychotic medication a year ago while under the care of the psychiatrist at that hospital.   Since records from the psychiatrist and hospital are excluded, the HIE will not contain this information.   A physician viewing the patient’s information through the HIE will see no record of the patient’s susceptibility to a life-threatening event from a certain class of medications.  

Informing the viewing physician that the patient has excluded some data from the Problem List and some data from both a physician and a hospital may prompt important additional questions and dialogue with the patient that could prevent an avoidable adverse event.  

 Clinical Risk Management

Community-wide HIE initiatives are increasingly turning to local physicians who use EHRs to assist with assessments of both the benefits and risks associated with the clinical use of electronic health data shared across their community.  The clinical risks outlined in these scenarios can be managed through the following principles: 

1.  An HIE must provide physicians access to the source, date and time for all displayed data

 2.  An HIE must alert clinicians when data or data sources are excluded  

• The alert should specify the type of data (“lab results”) or type of source (“hospitals”) that have been excluded from the HIE through the patient consent process

3.  An HIE must inform physicians about:

• The patient consent policy used by the HIE (and of policy changes when they occur
• A list of the specific types of data they are generally able to access through the HIE
• A list of the specific sources of data that the HIE exchanges with